A Survey on Hypergame Theory: Modelling Misaligned Perceptions and Nested Beliefs for Multi-Agent Systems

arXiv cs.AI · 18 hours ago

Researchers conducted a systematic review of hypergame theory applications in multi-agent systems, examining how this game-theoretic extension models agents with divergent perceptions and beliefs about the strategic environment. The review analyzed 49 studies across cybersecurity, robotics, social simulation, and communications, developing agent-compatibility criteria and classification frameworks to assess how hypergame theory integrates into practical systems. The analysis identifies structural gaps including limited formal hypergame languages and unexplored opportunities for modeling human-agent misalignment, providing a roadmap for applying hypergame theory to improve strategic modeling in dynamic multi-agent environments.